Every translation project calls for varying depths and types of research. Some of my projects stay on the linguistic level (i.e. I choose the correct word based on my expertise in the English and French languages). However, some jobs require digging deep into science in both languages in order to accurately translate the text. Those projects are among the most challenging and time-consuming. Below, I describe an example of the latter from my work last week, including the steps I took in order to provide the best translation I could.

Looking at the French terms, it was tempting to just “Anglicize” them - haploidentical, phenoidentical, genoidentical (all being a combination of a scientific term with the ending identical). However, only one of those terms, haploidentical, exists in English. Try doing a Google search for those other two, and you won’t get a significant number of hits. This suggests that the terms have been incorrectly translated as such, but there must be more appropriate terms used by reputable organizations, universities, and research centers.

Once I realized this, I researched the terms in French online. For example, la définition de ….. and la différence entre ...

Here are two of the French resources that helped my research:

1. From Limoges University, a presentation on "GREFFE de CELLULES SOUCHES HEMATOPOIETIQUES"
2. From Lilles University, a thesis presentation on "GREFFES DE CELLULES SOUCHES HEMATOPOÏETIQUES A PARTIR D’UN DONNEUR HAPLOIDENTIQUE : UN CHANGEMENT DE PARADIGME"

I learned that all 3 adjectives described whether the transplant was from a related or unrelated donor and whether the donor was a full (10/10) or partial match in terms of HLA type.

With that understanding, I then scoured the internet in English using combinations of the words in the definitions: “donor” “stem cells” “related” "unrelated" “10/10” “HLA.”
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Here are three of the English resources that supported my research:

1. From a newsletter, this article  is entitled "Half-Matched Yet Perfect."
2. From the Cancer Treatment Centers for America, an informational page entitled " Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant."
3. From the Cleveland Clinic, a list of terms about "Types of Blood & Marrow Transplants."

At that point, I was confident that I’d found the best translations and could accurately apply them to the project. If a project manager questioned my choice later on, then I would be able to justify it with reliable resources and a clear explanation.

The entire experience reminded me that sometimes the translation looks a lot different than the source term. Therefore, as a linguist, I have to do plenty of research when using scientific terms. I will say, in closing, that it’s this kind of linguistic problem-solving that keeps my work interesting.

When I decided to buy this website (www.medicalsciencetranslations.com), I knew it was a bold decision. On the one hand, other translators and translation agencies provide medical science translations, and they would surely precede my listing on Google. Who was I to claim it in my website title/address? On the other, I couldn’t think of a better way to market my services and specialization in one fell swoop.
 
Today, about 3 years after purchasing the domain name, I jumped for joy to see my website on the first page of Google when I searched the phrase! Now, that could partly be due to the fact that I go to my website often, and Google figured that out, thus presenting it on that first page. I like to think, though, that it’s because I have been slowly and consistently writing blog posts.

Last winter, ​I finally understood that generating information on the big ol’ world wide web is the best way to establish my business’ reputation. It’s like setting up shop in a virtual corner, so that people might stumble across it when they search the internet. Since coming to that realization, I have posted once a week or so for about 4 months.
 
It’s not easy coming up with content. Oftentimes, I sit down knowing I need to write but not knowing what it’ll be about. (Today is one of those days!) I always come up with something eventually. Be it talking about current work, new terminology, translation steps and tips, or business in general.
 
Consider this post a way of patting myself on the back for making an impression on the internet. Cheers to continuing the forward momentum!

​Each trial must have certain texts ensuring the trial is conducted, among other things in a safe, consistent, and ethical manner. When it is an international trial, those texts must be translated into relevant foreign languages, French, English, Spanish, etc. Consider the short list below.

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• The IB, or investigator’s brochure - a compilation of non-clinical and clinical data relevant to the study of the drug;
• The ICF, or informed consent form and information leaflet. Sometimes, there are different ones for the patient’s spouse, pregnant partner, and for adults and minors – the former is a document subjects (and/or their representative) sign to confirm that they agree to participate in the clinical trial, and the latter provides them with all the information they need to understand what to expect during the trial and other aspects related to the study;
• The Clinical Study Protocol, a document that describes how a clinical trial will be conducted;
• The CRF, or case report form - a document designed to record all protocol-required information on each subject in the study;
• Curriculum vitae and/or other relevant documents evidencing the investigators’ and sub-investigators’ qualifications;
• Approval/favorable opinion of institutional review board (IRB)/independent ethics committee (IEC) concerning the above documents, among others.

 
Now, picture AstraZeneca, PRA Health Sciences, or IQVIA deciding to conduct a trial in France and the United States. There will be French and English-speaking patients, ethics committees, doctors, etc., and they will all need access to the same information in their native language.

​Guess what? That’s where I come in (and all the other medical science translators). The pharmaceutical company sends the documents to a translation agency, which hires translators for each one. As a result, those three players are essential to the field of clinical research.

My job is to ensure that the translation accomplishes the same things as the source document. For example, the ICF and leaflet must be clear enough for the patient to understand, so the language cannot be overly technical. Another example, the CRF in English has to read the same as the one in French, so that doctors in different countries ask patients the same questions and accurately assess the same parameters.

I chose this specialization because I knew work would be consistent. As long as clinical trials are being conducted, there will be work for translators.

Any good writer creates drafts of their work, refining them with each read-through until they have constructed a final, quality product. A translator is very much a type of writer, so when he/she is asked to provide her translation services for a client, the work goes through a few drafts.
 
For me, the number of drafts depends on the document: the more challenging the French text, the more drafts I need. For example, I am currently working on an academic article about a rare form of uterine cancer, and the author has used obscure medical terms and unconventional syntax (i.e. the arrangement of the words). It’s driving me crazy!

​So, I have taken off my perfectionist hat and put on my hard hat for the layer-by-layer construction of this translation. I accepted that I will not get the sentences “right” the first time and that there will be many terms left untranslated in my first draft. My secret is to use a symbol (an asterisk or exclamation point) as a placeholder where I have yet to find the correct term/meaning in English.
 
Once I have written a VERY rough draft, I search for the placeholders and zero on in them. I find that, especially with academic articles, the challenging words will be repeated later in the text. Those later instances will often be variations that give me more context to accurately translate them.
 
If I cannot translate a sentence/term with 100% confidence, I will make a note for the agency. If I am working in Wordfast (the CAT tool I use), I will place the word in brackets, then add a note using the appropriate menu at the bottom of the screen. If I am working in Word, I will add a comment, found under the review menu, which highlights the problem-spot and points to the note with a dotted line.
 
This leaves room for discussion with the agency or editor. It is a way of admitting that there is a possible error in my translation, but I provided the best translation I could within my means. Thus, the agency/editor can review my comment and decide how to best handle it.
 
In summary, rough drafts are valuable when translating difficult French medical documents. Don’t be afraid to use them. They will help you provide a more honest and accurate final translation.

​My focus this week has been on mentally and physically surviving the historical cold that hit Oklahoma. That has mainly consisted of painting my house to get it ready to sell, training jiu jitsu, seeking gratitude to keep panic at bay, and finding ways to entertain my dog indoors (snow + below zero temps). 
 
So, I haven’t been thinking very deeply about science or translation. I did manage to articulate my 2 least favorite and 2 favorite types of translation jobs. Have you ever made that distinction? I believe this will help me decide which projects to take and which to avoid going forward. In therapy talk, that would be called setting boundaries.

1. Large volume of numbers/dates in post-editing
These projects require “post-editing” a file directly in a CAT tool with an associated translation memory. They contain loads of numbers that need decimals to replace commas without accidentally changing one of the digits (i.e. 1,8 becomes 1.8, not 2.8). They also require a client-specific date format. What reads as 12/01/2021 must be changed to 01/12/2021 or maybe 12 JAN 2021. I dislike these projects because I hardly consider it translation when I’m simply re-formatting dates and numbers. Any monolingual person could do that. Plus, it’s mindless work that still requires a certain amount of focus. By the time I finish one of these projects, my brain is fried, like an egg.
 
2. Reports riddled with spelling/grammar mistakes or missing words
I have to guess and make lots of notes in files like these. The source was usually prepared by a resident or nurse who wanted to quickly record the notes and move on to another patient. So, they did not take the time to check for spelling errors. Sometimes, they are prepared using voice dictation, which causes confusion since that technology is imperfect and misunderstands the speaker on occasion. At this point, it becomes my job as the translator (far removed from the actual situation being reported) to GUESS what word is missing, what the author meant, and what the word was supposed to be in the first place.

1. Academic articles
I have a routine with articles, since most follow the same layout. A title, list of the authors with their associated institutions, an abstract, the body of the text, and, sometimes, images or figures. I format and translate them section by section, making it easy to track my progress. Also, they’re easy to read since they tell a distinct “story” with a beginning, middle, and end.
 
2. Post-editing clinical trial documents (informed consent form, patient information leaflet, trial protocol, etc.)
When post-editing is done right, it’s a fantastic tool. Many clients need these types of documents translated, which means the agency has a rich translation memory. As a result, the files I am given have very accurate machine translated segments, making the work go faster and smoother. In addition, the documents are written to be understood by a non-technical audience. Literary, flowing sentences are frowned upon. Simple is better. This makes for straightforward sentences (the opposite of #2 above) that are easily translated.

​Sometimes, I’m conflicted about indirectly working for pharmaceutical companies. If I focus on the fact that my work contributes to medical research, then the conflict dissipates quickly.
 
This conflict is grounded in the fact that pharmaceutical companies have a rather deplorable reputation. By way of example, I present to you an episode of a TV medical drama. Doctor M. agrees to help a pharmaceutical company enroll a certain number of patients in exchange for a fee. He has a difficult time finding consenting patients, so, he ends up bribing another doctor to refer patients to him.

First, bribery is obviously unethical. Second, the plot emphasizes that doctors and drug manufacturers are profit-driven, which means that doctors can be bought to convince patients into trying experimental drugs. 
 
This serves as a broad picture of how American society perceives clinical trials, scientific research, pharmaceutical companies, the healthcare system, etc. Easily manipulated and only serving to generate profit.

​However, this is only one perspective. As with every story/argument, there are many possible perspectives. I adopt a perhaps less popular one when I’m translating, and that motivates me to sit down, focus, and put my all into every project.

Alternative perspective
 
Of course, these companies are profit-driven! They’re large, private corporations. This doesn’t change the fact that they are devoted to advancing medical research. They want to help stop cancer, find a cure for AIDS, create a COVID-19 vaccine, etc. While imperfect, drug manufacturers are kept in check by regulatory measures when they conduct clinical trials. Such measures ensure their research is accurate and ethical.

​Thus, for all the corrupt doctors/manufacturers, there are just as many, if not more, scientifically-sound practices and associated players (i.e. ethics boards) making sure the drug development process produces safe, effective drugs and potentially saves lives.

As a translator
 
I take comfort knowing that I participate in the scientific branch of this drug development process. (I would never succeed as a doctor or sales rep because I’m an introverted linguist.)

The discharge and SAE reports that I translate are original documents describing real patients’ conditions. The academic articles that I translate are based in research, and I can only presume will be used to inform the development of certain drugs. The ethics materials that I translate bolster consistency between the science and morality.

Therefore, my work as a translator is intended to support medical research, not big money or corrupt practices, as some Americans might imagine. And I’m okay with this.